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01-05-2005

Nkjpd miw $ty; 2005
<.gp.Mh;.vy;.vt;- gj;kehgh

kdpj Fyj;jpd; ,Jtiu fhy tuyhW th;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tuyhNw vd;W fhh;y;khHf;;]; jdJ Gfo;ngw;w fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp mwpf;ifapy; njhptpj;jpUe;jhh; gpd;jq;fpajpypUe;J Kd;Ndwpajw;F> fhl;Lkpuhz;bj; jdj;jpypUe;J ehfhpfj;Jf;F Ruz;lypy; ,Ue;J Ruz;lyw;w rKjhaj;Jf;F> xLf;FKiwapypUe;J xLf;FKiwaw;w GjpanjhU cyf xOq;fpw;F vd kdpjFyk; khw;wk; ngw;W te;Js;sJ.

1880 fspd; gpw;gFjpfspy; <tpuf;fkw;W INuhg;ghtpYk;> tl mnkhpf;fhtpYk; Neufhy tiuaiwapd;wp Ruz;lg;gl;l njhopyhsh; th;f;fk; Mq;fhq;Nf jd;ndOr;rpahf Nghuhl;lq;fis elhj;jp te;jpUf;fpwJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; rhl;b];w; ,af;fk; njhopw;rhiyfis vhpg;gJ my;yJ njhopw;rhiy ,ae;jpuq;fis Nrjkhf;FtJ vd jdJ vjph;g;igf; fhl;baJ. gpd;dh; Nghuhl;l mDgtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jd;id gy;NtW njhopw;rhiyfspYk; ehLfspYk; xOq;FgLj;jj; njhlq;fpaJ. fhh;y;khHf;]; >vq;fy;]; Nghd;w jj;Jt mwpQh;fs; njhopyhs th;f;fj;jpd; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;fhd topfhl;b newpfis toq;fpdh;. fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp mwpf;ifAk; tuyhw;wpd; Njitahf cUthfpaJ. khh;f;rpak; r%f nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfis mJtiufhyKk; mZfg;gl;l KiwfSf;F khwhf tpQ;Qhd G+h;tkhf mZfpaJ.

kdpj Fyj;jpd; tuyhw;wpy; ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; xLf;fg;gl;lth;fspd; fpsh;r;rpfis ehk; fhzyhk;. Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; mbik Afj;jpd; ];ghl;lf]; fpsh;r;rpia mtjhdpf;fyhk;. 1800fspd; eLg;gFjpfspy; gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpia ehk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. njhopyhsp th;f;fk; 72 ehl;fs; jdJ Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ij jf;fitj;jpUe;jJ.

,NjNghd;Wjhd; vl;L kzpNeu Ntiy Nfhhp rpf;fhf;Nfh tPjpfspy; njhopyhsh;fs; jkJ ,uj;jk; Njha;e;j nfhbfis J}f;fp Mh;ghl;lk; elj;jpdh;. cyfpd; gy;NtW Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspy; njhopyhsh;fs; fpsh;r;rpfis elj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;;fs; ,e;jf; fpsh;r;rpfspd; ntw;wpahfNt vl;Lkzp Neu Ntiy cUthfpaJ vd;gJ mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ> gbg;gbahf cyfk; G+uhfTk; njhopyhsp th;f;fj;jpd; mOj;jj;jpdhy; vl;LkzpNeu Ntiynad;gJ rl;lG+h;tkhf;fg;gl;lJ. njhopyhsh;fs; vl;LkzpNeu chpikia ngw;w mj;jpdj;ijNa ehk; Nkjpdnkd epidT $UfpNwhk;.

tsh;r;rpaile;j Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfs; cyif <tpuf;fkw;w Ruz;lYf;fhf gq;;FNghl;bUe;jd. 1800fspd; gpw; gFjpfspYk; 1900 Kw;gFjpfspYk; rPdhtpy; rQ;ahl;rDk;> njd;dhgphpf;fhtpYk;> ,e;jpahtpy; fhe;jpabfSk; Njrpa Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhf jiyikNaw;W Nghuhbdhh;fs; ehk; Mrpa Mgphpf;f yj;jPd; mnkhpf;f ehLfs; gytw;wpd; Njrpa Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.

,e;j ,ilawhj Nghuhl;lq;fspd; Clhfj;jhd; fhyzpfspd; Rje;jpuKk; njhopyhsp th;f;fk; jw;NghJ mDgtpf;Fk; Fiwe;jgl;r chpikfSk; ngwg;gl;ld.

,yq;ifapy; 1920 fspd; gpw;gFjpfspYk; 1930 fspd; Kw;gFjpfspYk; njhopyhspth;f;f ,af;fk; fUf;nfhz;lJ. ,d> kj Ngjq;fis fle;j njhopyhsh; xw;Wik vd;gij mJ typAWj;jp epd;wJ. 1940 fspy;> 1950 fspy; Njrpaq;fspy; jdpj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;; ,yq;ifapd; kf;fis xd;wpizg;gij mJ typAWj;jp epd;wJ. ,dthjj;Jf;nfjpuhf NghuhbaJ. kiyafj;jpYk;> ,yq;ifapd; uapy;Nt JiwKfq;fspYk;> gQ;rhiyfspYk; gyk; nfhz;l njhopw;rq;f gpd;Gyj;ij ,lJrhhp ,af;fk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

fhydp Mjpf;fk; ,yq;ifapd; njd;gFjpapYk; tlf;fpYk; jdJ eph;thfj; NjitfSf;fhd Ml;fis ,yq;ifapd; cah; Fshj;jpypUe;J njhpT nra;jJ.

vdNt Nky;th;f;f mgpyhirfisNa KO r%fj;jpdJk; mgpyhirfshf Kd;nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;ld. ngUthhpahd fpuhkg;Gwj;J kf;fs; Kfkw;wth;fshf ,Ue;jhh;fs;. ,jpy; rpq;fs fpuhk kf;fspd; mjpUg;jpfis gad;gLj;jp Njrpa tho;tpy; mth;fSf;F ,lkpd;ikia gad;gLj;jp ,dthjk; tpijf;fg;gl;lJ. kiyaf njhopyhsp th;f;fk; ,lJrhhpfSf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jgbahy; mth;fspd; thf;Fhpikia> gpu[h chpikia ,yq;ifapd; Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; gjtpf;F te;j Ml;rpahsh;fs; gwpj;njLj;jhh;fs; fhydp Mjpf;fj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrjq;fspd; fph;tPr;R mdh;j;jq;fs; vkJ ehl;by; ghuJ}ukhd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ> fle;j 20 tUl Aj;jKk; 1970fspd; Kw;gFjpapy; 80fspd; gpd;gFjpfspy; njd; ,yq;ifapy; cUthfpa fpsh;r;rpfSk; ,e;jg; gpd;Gyj;jpNyNa ghh;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Rdhkp mdh;j;jk; Nghd;w ghhpa neUf;fbfis vjph;nfhs;tjpy; ehk; vjph;Nehf;Fk; ghhpa gpur;rpidfspYk; fhydp Mjpf;ff;fhuh;fshy; ,e;j ehl;by; tpl;Lr; nry;yg;gl;l mjpfhuj;Jt ghzpapNyahd eph;;thf fl;likg;Ng fhuznkd;why; mJ kpifay;y.

njhopyhsh;fs; rpf;fhf;Nfh Mh;g;ghl;lk; %yk; rhjpj;jijg;Nghd;W 1910 fspd; gpw;gFjpfspy; ngz;fspd; Rje;jpuk; njhlh;ghd ,af;fKk; tYg;ngw;wJ khh;;r; 8 rh;tNjr ngz;fs; jpdkhf gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,NjNghd;W I.eh rigapdhy; rh;tNjr kdpj chpikfs; jpdk; rh;tNjr rpWth; chpikfs; jpdk; ‘vd gd;Kfj;jd;ik tha;e;j chpikg;gpufldq;fs; jtpu Njrq;fspd; chpikfs; njhlh;ghf fyhr;rhug; gz;ghl;L ghJfhg;Gfs; njhlh;ghf Rw;whly;> Rfhjhuk;> tPl;Lhpik gpur;ridfs; njhlh;ghf ePh; tsq;fis ghJfhg;gJ njhlh;ghf ,d;Dk; gy tplaq;fs; njhlh;gpy; Mtzq;fs; I.ehtpy; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

Mdhy; ,yq;ifapy; rh;tNjr khw;wq;fspypUe;Jk; cs;shh;e;j Mw;wypy; ,Ue;Jk; rpy rpy Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; kpf Kf;fpakhd ghhpa gpur;ridfs; jPh;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,d Kuz;ghl;L Aj;jk; mWgjhapuk; kf;fis fhTnfhz;Ltpl;lJ. ,aw;if mdh;j;jk; ehw;gjhapuk; caph;;fis fhTnfhz;Ltpl;lJ. jkpo; ghrprk; xU tp\ tpUl;rkhf tsh;e;J ,d;W jkpo; r%fj;jpd; rfy rpwe;j mk;rk;fisAk; Jtk;rk; nra;Js;sJ.

rh;tNjr juepiyfspy; cyfpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l [dehafk;> kdpj chpikfs; tlf;Ff; fpof;fpy; fhzhky; Nghd tplaq;fshfptpl;ld. Gjpa jiyKiwf;F Rje;jpunkd;gJ vd;dntd;W njhpahj #o;epiy Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ltpl;ld. Njly;fSk; kdpj Mh;tq;fSk; rh;tehrk; nra;ag;gl;Ltpl;ld rpjwbf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld. ,dq;fspd; gy;NtW r%fq;fSf;fpilNa ngUk; gpsTfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ltpl;ld. ,e;epiy Mopg; Nguiy mdh;j;jq;fis tpl NkhrkhdJ

Gjpa xOq;nfhd;iw Nehf;fp ,yq;if jdJ gazj;ij Muk;gpf;fNtz;Lk.; mjid ,g;NghNj Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,yq;if kf;fspd; Kfq;fspy; kyh;r;rpAk; ek;gpf;ifAk;> kd typikAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gPdpf;];Nghd;W caph;j;njo Ntz;ba tuyhw;Wr; re;jpy; ehk; epd;Wnfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;;. ,yq;ifapd; jkpo;> rpq;fs> K];ypk; kf;fs; kj;jpapYs;s njhopyhsh;fs;> tptrhapfs;> fy;tpkhd;fs;> njhopy; El;gty;Ydh;fs;> khzth;fs;; midtUk; mwpTG+h;tkhf rpe;jpj;J Rgpl;rkhd ,yq;if xd;iw Nehf;fpa gazj;ij Muk;gpf;fNtz;ba rthiy Vw;Wf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk; gLnfhiyfsw;w rpWth; rpWkpah; rphpj;J kfpOk; mikjp G+j;Jf; FYq;Fk; xU Gjpa ehL vkf;F Ntz;Lk;. njd;dhrpastpy; ehk; kf;fs; xd;wpize;J nray;gLtjw;fhd KO %r;rhd Kaw;rpfs; Ntz;Lk.; rPdhTk; ,e;jpahTk ghfp];;jhDk; cwTfspy; Gjpa mj;jpahaq;fis Muk;gpj;Js;sd. vkJ FWfpa kd ngsjPf ,ilntspfis jfh;njwpe;J fpzw;Wj; jtis rpe;jidfspypUe;J tpLgl;L Njq;fpaOfp ehw;wk; tPRk; Fl;il my;yJ Vhpapd; epiyapypUe;J tpLgl;L ryryj;J XLk; gputhfkhf khWNthk;. epkph;e;J epw;Nghk; tphpe;j cyfj;ij jhprpg;Nghk.; fz;Zf;F Kd;dhy; njhpAk; Jd;gKk; mtyKk; epiwe;j ajhh;j;jj;ij khw;WNthk; Gjpa xOq;nfhd;iw Vw;gLj;JNthk;.

<o kf;fs; Gul;rpfu tpLjiy Kd;dzp -gj;kehgh